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EIHP
Publication at the WHEC XII, Buenos Aires |
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European
Integrated Hydrogen Project (EIHP)
C.
Devillers, Air Liquide, Sassenage, France, K.
Pehr, BMW, Munich, Germany, J.S. Duffield, EC-Joint
Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, O. Weinmann, HEW,
Hamburg, Germany, H. Vandenborre, Hydrogen Systems, Turnhout,
Belgium, A. Gonzalez G. C., INTA, Madrid, Spain, R. Wurster,
Ludwig-Boelkow-Systemtechnik, Daimlerstrasse 15, D-85521 Ottobrunn,
Germany, M. Kesten, Messer Griesheim, Cologne, Germany,
F. Heurtaux, Renault, Rueil Malmaison, France, P. Ekdunge,
Volvo, Göteborg, Sweden
Abstract
Hydrogen
is seen by many experts as one of the most important energy
media of the next century. Providing a closed-loop energy cycle,
hydrogen as a renewable energy source, provides the potential
for a sustainable development particularly in the transportation
sector. Hydrogen-driven vehicles offer the possibility of reducing
both local as well as global emissions (greenhouse gases) thus
consolidating their potential as part of future transport systems
which inevitably have to be based on renewable energy sources.
Any changes in the structure of the energy sector are invariably
protracted thus rendering it necessary to lay down the foundations
for such changes already today. Demonstration projects pave
the way for technological improvement while providing the base
for general acceptance. There are many hydrogen demonstration
projects in Europe, however, they require more effective coordination
in order to be successful. The EIHP which is chiefly focused
on legislation governing hydrogen is the first step into this
direction. The main objectives of the EIHP are to identify deficiencies
impeding the harmonization of regulations, guidelines etc.;
to coordinate harmonization in the approaches to standardizations
on a global scale;
to prepare a well-defined basis for discussion with the relevant
authorities; and
to develop concepts for standardized infrastructure and vehicle
components.
1.
European Activities on Hydrogen
Europe
has gained a leading position with regard to the use of hydrogen
technologies.
In recent years, European industry has realized several hydrogen
vehicle prototypes and demonstration vehicles equipped with
internal combustion engines (ICE) and proton exchange membrane
fuel cell electric drives (PEMFC) combined with onboard storage
systems using compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2)
or cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2).
These new developments include passenger vehicle projects by
BMW (LH2),
Renault (LH2)
and ZEVCO (CGH2),
van type vehicles by Daimler-Benz (CGH2),
Hamburg Hydrogen Association (CGH2),
PSA (CGH2)
and ZEVCO (CGH2)
as well as city buses by Ansaldo (LH2),
Daimler-Benz (CGH2),
Hydrogen Systems (LH2),
MAN (LH2
and CGH2),
Neoplan (CGH2).
Recently, numerous activities, including retrofit as well as
standard production ICE cars, buses and trucks, have also been
observed in the field of natural gas (CNG and LNG) which could
pave the way to hydrogen.
As
many hydrogen vehicle and infrastructure activities are
promoted in Europe,
the EIHP partners have joined their forces with the aim of improving
the coordination of licensing and approval procedures. The participants
in this project contribute their technical expertise in the
fields of hydrogen drive systems, hydrogen storage and hydrogen-relevant
infrastructure components, as well as their extensive experiences
gained in dealing with their respective European,
national and local authorities during
the course of licensing and approval procedures necessary for
natural gas and hydrogen transportation projects.
A
cross-section of relevant hydrogen-related activities implemented
with EIHP partner involvement follows.
Several
hydrogen vehicles and their related infrastructure will be demonstrated
as part of the Munich Airport Hydrogen Project, an undertaking
supported financially by the Bavarian State Government. A liquid
hydrogen fueled passenger sedan (BMW) will be operated at Munich
Airport. It will be refueled at a fully automatic robot refueling
station to be installed by the mineral oil company Aral and
other partners (e.g. Linde). In addition to the LH2
passenger car, three articulated apron buses (2 MAN, 1 Neoplan)
with compressed gaseous hydrogen storage will be operated at
the airport. The necessary hydrogen will be produced by means
of electrolysis (GHW) with grid electricity and transferred
by high pressure refueling equipment (Mannesmann). The project,
unique in its kind, is being conducted between 1997 and 2000.
Two
major hydrogen-related projects, coordinated by HEW, are currently
under way in the city of Hamburg. For one of the projects approval
was gained to operate an LH2
storage system to supply a hydrogen-operated PAFC plant located
adjacent to residential areas in Hamburg. It is currently supplying
the fuel cell plant as part of a 2˝ year test period funded
by EQHHPP. The second project [W.E.I.T., i.e. hydrogen energy
transfer from Iceland], initiated by Wasserstoff-Gesellschaft
Hamburg and coordinated by the Hamburg Hydrogen Association,
concerns itself with the supply of compressed hydrogen to a
demonstration fleet of six hydrogen-adapted Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
vans equipped with compressed hydrogen onboard storage by means
of a compressed gaseous hydrogen refueling station (Mannesmann).
During the initial phase of this project, hydrogen will be derived
from chemical by-product sources. In the second phase it will
be generated from renewable electricity in Iceland.
Three
LH2
ICE city buses and one LH2
FC boat have been realized. Messer Griesheim designed and delivered
the LH2
onboard storage equipment as well as the refueling technology
for both the Hydrogen Systems as well as the Ansaldo bus and
fuel cell boat while Linde delivered storage and refueling technology
for the MAN ICE bus. Added to this, Messer Griesheim has been
actively involved in the development, manufacture, implementation
and approval of onboard LNG/LH2
storage systems for passenger vehicles (BMW).
In
France, two fuel cell driven vehicles have been developed, manufactured,
integrated and approved. One of the vehicles is a Renault PEMFC
Laguna station wagon equipped with LH2
onboard storage realized by Air Liquide [JOULE project FEVER],
while the other is a PSA PEMFC van [JOULE project HYDRO-GEN]
with super pressurized gaseous hydrogen contained in a composite
materials storage unit (6 % wt.) developed by Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique. Both vehicles operate with De Nora PEMFC
stacks. The vehicles are realized by or with involvement of
Renault. Volvo is actively involved in contributing energy management,
battery evaluation and specification as well as safety analysis
as part of the FEVER project.
Two
organizations in particular provide effective support in hydrogen
applications in general, the second one with special emphasis
on the automotive sector: EC’s Joint Research Centre, over many
years, has developed and applied computer codes to describe
phenomena such as gas pool formation, evaporation and gas cloud
formation, atmospheric integration, dispersion, combustion and
explosion potentials. INTA has gained extensive experience in
recent years in the homologation of several alternative fuel
vehicle technologies (e.g. LPG, CNG), while extending its expertise
in the testing of hydrogen components for stationary (electrolysis,
fuel cells) and mobile applications (fuel cells).
Ludwig-Boelkow-Systemtechnik
undertakes the coordination and monitoring of various hydrogen
projects, including the Euro-Quebec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project
(EQHHPP), the MAN LH2
ICE city bus demonstration in Bavaria, the Bavarian PEMFC city
bus project jointly performed by MAN, Siemens and Linde as well
as the current EIHP.
Several
projects focused on the use of natural gas in vehicles have
been conducted by EIHP partners in Europe. As a first in Europe,
BMW has achieved Whole Vehicle Type Approval for a CNG passenger
car (3-series compact). CNG buses have been manufactured by
Renault and Volvo, while an LNG trailer truck has been realized
by Renault. In France Air Liquide will be involved in supplying
LNG to a CNG city bus fleet, whereas in Germany Messer Griesheim
has developed, manufactured, integrated and gained approval
for LNG storage systems and refueling equipment for trucks (MAN
and Mercedes-Benz); including a refrigerated grocery retail
truck equipped with LNG cooling. A BMW natural gas 3-series
compact has been converted to LNG storage and is currently being
operated by Messer Griesheim.
2.
Project history
The
first major joint European undertaking with the aim of investigating
the potential of hydrogen for clean application technologies
including the automotive sector, was the EQHHPP started in 1989
and pursued together with Canadian industry and institutions.
During the course of this ongoing project it became apparent
that several issues, particularly licensing and approval, had
to be tackled more vigorously in order to successfully establish
this technology in the market. In order to achieve these objectives
in successive phases and to make effective use of the technical
experience gained to date, as early as 1995, Wasserstoff-Gesellschaft
Hamburg proposed the idea of a Pan-European integrated hydrogen
vehicle project with the aim of achieving a common platform
for development and implementation of harmonized approaches
in achieving standardized codes of practice, pre-normative rules,
regulations and approval procedures for licensing hydrogen vehicles
and their related infrastructure. European industry and other
organizations involved in the development of hydrogen vehicle
technologies were invited to take part in evaluating the perspectives
for such a project concept.
On
the back of the outcome of the discussion process, the present
group of participants in the EIHP applied for cost-shared funding
under the JOULE program of the European Commission. Wasserstoff-Gesellschaft
Hamburg proposed that Ludwig-Boelkow-Systemtechnik GmbH should
join the group and organize the coordination, elaboration and
submission of a proposal for funding. The proposal was submitted
in January 1997 and was selected for contract negotiations by
early summer of 1997. The contract negotiation process between
the group of partners and the European Commission started late
summer of 1997 and was successfully concluded by issuing an
agreement laying down the guidelines for cost-shared funding
to commence in 1998.
3.
Project Objectives
The
main objectives of this project are to identify deficiencies
impeding the harmonization of guidelines, regulations etc.;
to coordinate harmonization in the approaches to standardizations;
to prepare a well-defined basis for discussion with relevant
authorities; and to develop concepts for standardized infrastructure
and vehicle components.
Implementation
of hydrogen vehicle and infrastructure technology can only succeed
if the coordination of European R&D activities are intensified
and technical progress is not hindered by differing regulations
and licensing procedures within the EU member states. This project
which aims at creating the basis for harmonization of necessary
legislation in Europe will be implemented in close cooperation
with relevant licensing authorities.
The
particular objectives of the EIHP are:
1.
To create a Pan-European database of existing regulations
and codes of practice
2.
To contact other pertinent authorities outside Europe
3.
To identify weak spots in today’s technology
4.
To define the areas requiring regulation
5.
To integrate ECE guidelines and create a basis of ECE
regulation of hydrogen vehicles and the necessary infrastructure
(replacing national legislation/ regulations)
As
a result, proposals for further investigations and improved
safety concepts will be compiled together with concepts for
standardized infrastructure components, vehicle components and
pre-normative rules. The project partners and other future developers
of hydrogen vehicles and related infrastructure components will
benefit from harmonized rules and licensing procedures as the
costs incurred as part of the licensing procedure for their
hydrogen related products and installations will be reduced
significantly. This
will have added advantage of enhancing
the acceptance of hydrogen as an energy medium.
4. Technical
approach
The
project is based on a dual strategy:
One
part of the project - a quasi top-down-approach - is focused
on the existing hydrogen-related legislation in European countries.
Adequate legislation scarcely exists today, particularly in
the field of licensing procedures for hydrogen vehicles. Correspondingly,
a structured survey and analysis of existing relevant rules,
regulations and licensing procedures in the participating countries
(Belgium, France, Germany, Spain and Sweden) will be conducted
with the aim of not only identifying deficiencies but also defining
regulations which are already sufficiently comprehensive to
facilitate harmonization throughout Europe. The survey will
be structured such as to subsequently accommodate corresponding
surveys of other countries.
The
other part of the project - a bottom-up-approach - is focused
on existing hydrogen vehicles in Europe including the infrastructure
supply technology. Systematic analyses such as Fault Tree Analysis
(FTA), Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Hazard Operability
Studies (HAZOP) etc. will be conducted and complemented by detailed
studies of worst-case scenarios. This will help to document
safety features while systematically improving the potential
of hydrogen technology, thus creating a more solid basis for
discussion with relevant licensing authorities.
5.
The partnership and its competence
The
consortium participating in the project comprises some of the
most experienced companies and institutions actively involved
in the fields of hydrogen vehicle applications, hydrogen infrastructure
and hydrogen safety in Europe. In alphabetical order the organizations
are:
· Air
Liquide S.A. (LAL) France, a company specializing in industrial
gases and gas technology as well as cryogenic liquid hydrogen
covering all aspects of storage, handling and safety of LH2;
· Bayerische
Motoren Werke AG (BMW) Germany, a manufacturer of high-performance
vehicles and a specialist in LH2
vehicle applications for almost 20 years;
· European
Commission’s Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) Italy, a specialist
in developing mathematical models of liquid gas spillages,
evaporation and gaseous cloud formation, as well as fire and
explosion propagation in confined and non-confined environments;
· Hamburgische
Electricitäts-Werke AG (HEW) Germany, a utility active
in several hydrogen projects, most recently participating
in a small fleet demonstration of six vans converted to facilitate
compressed hydrogen operation (W.E.I.T. project);
· Hydrogen
Systems N.V. (HYDSYS) Belgium, a specialist in hydrogen technologies
such as electrolysis equipment, hydrogen use in stationary
CHP applications and especially conversion of vehicles for
the purpose of hydrogen operation;
· Instituto
Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) Spain, the
leading institute for the homologation of vehicles in Spain
with experience in the approval of gas-operated vehicles as
well as hydrogen expertise in stationary applications;
· Ludwig-Boelkow-Systemtechnik
GmbH (LBST) Germany, an experienced coordinator of various
national and international hydrogen-related projects of the
last decade, and author of numerous hydrogen related system
studies on hydrogen production from renewable and non-renewable
sources, on hydrogen supply, handling and distribution, on
hydrogen safety and on hydrogen use in stationary and mobile
fuel cell applications;
· Messer-Griesheim
GmbH (MESSER) Germany, a leading specialist in cryogenic liquid
natural gas and hydrogen technology for vehicle applications;
· Renault
France, the leading French vehicle manufacturer and recently
engaged in the development of
LNG propulsion technology and
of a PEM fuel cell driven Renault Laguna with LH2
fuel storage;
· AB
Volvo Sweden, the largest Swedish vehicle manufacturer for
many years actively involved in the development of alternative
fuel drive concepts and recently also engaged in the development
of PEM fuel cell drive systems.
6.
Project organization
The
project is subdivided into eight work packages or tasks:
Task
1: Survey/ analysis of rules, regulations and licensing
procedures in all participating countries
Task
2: Analysis of existing and planned H2
safety concepts and technologies
Task
3: Identification of rules and regulations ready
for harmonization
Task
4: Identification of deficiencies in rules and regulations
Task
5: Identification of deficiencies in safety concepts
and technologies
Task
6: Proposal for investigations to create a basis
for standardization
Task
7: Proposal for safety concepts
Task
8: Proposal of pre-normative rules
The
eight tasks are coordinated by a project coordinator (Ludwig-Boelkow-Systemtechnik)
who also fulfills the function of the liaison office to the
sponsor, i.e. the European Commission.
7. Project
duration and funding
The
project will be conducted over two years (02/1998 to 01/2000).
The EIHP will have cost-shared funding under the European Commission’s
4th Framework Programme within the JOULE programme. At least
50% of the total project budget ammounting to approx. 2.5 MECU
is brought up by the EIHP partners. The co-sponsor European
Commission contributes a maximum of 50% of the project budget
in compliance with contract number JOE3-CT97-0088.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All
partners would like to express their thanks to the European
Commission for making this project possible. The
project partners wish to express their gratitude to Wasserstoff-Gesellschaft
Hamburg for initiating and promoting the EIHP.
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Figure 1: Renault Laguna station wagon with PEMFC
drive and LH2
storage (Renault)

Figure
2: 7-series sedan with internal combustion engine
drive and LH2
storage (BMW)

Figure
3: CGH2
refueling station in Hamburg (HEW, Mannesmann)

Figure
4: Cylindrical 350 l LH2
storage for midi-bus converted by Hydrogen Systems (Messer-Griesheim)

Figure
5: Truck trailer for the delivery of LH2
(Air Liquide)

Figure
6: Vehicle emission testing at INTA homologation
center (INTA)

Figure
7: First European Hydrogen City Bus, realized by
Hydrogen Systems, N.V., Belgium in collaboration with
De Lijn, Flanders and Messer, Germany
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